Designing a lighting system for laying hens

Understanding Photoperiod Sensitivity

Poultry's reproductive cycles are highly responsive to changes in the photoperiod. This describes the duration of time during which poultry receive light, also known as daylight hours. This sensitivity is key to egg production and fertility. In layers and breeders, mimicking natural seasonal light by gradually increasing light duration as they mature can stimulate egg-laying, directly impacting productivity. Without proper photoperiod management, egg-laying patterns can become irregular, reducing efficiency.

Light Intensity and Distribution

Light intensity affects poultry behavior, including feeding, mating, and general activity. Too much light can cause stress and aggression, leading to injuries and higher mortality rates. On the other hand, insufficient light may reduce feed intake, lower egg production, and increase the amount of floor eggs. In general, ensuring even light distribution prevents areas from being too dark or too bright, which can lead to uneven development and behavioral issues. But regarding the nests, they should be darker to attract the birds to lay their eggs there. The activity areas should be uniform.

Spectral Composition of Light

Different light wavelengths affect poultry in several ways. Red and orange light can promote reproductive hormones, making it ideal for breeders and layers to maximize egg production. Blue and green wavelengths can reduce stress and support growth. Tailoring light composition to the birds' specific needs at each stage helps enhance both welfare and productivity.

Dimming Capabilities and Gradual Transitions

Abrupt lighting changes can startle birds, leading to stress and harmful behaviors like piling or night fright, which can cause injuries. Dimming capabilities allow for smooth transitions between light and dark, reducing stress by simulating natural dawn and dusk. This is particularly important for breeders, as stress can negatively impact mating and egg production. Smooth transitions also help manage activity levels, promoting better sleep and overall health.

Lighting Schedule and Consistency

Poultry thrive on routine, and disruptions in their lighting schedule can cause confusion, stress, and irregular behavior. Consistent lighting schedules are essential for maintaining regular reproductive cycles, and optimal egg production in breeders and layers. A strict and gradual lighting schedule helps keep birds in sync with their natural rhythms, improving performance.

Consideration of Age and Developmental Stage

Lighting needs change as poultry age. Chicks and young birds in the rearing phase require shorter light periods to encourage feeding and growth. As they mature, lighting should be adjusted to prepare them for their roles as breeders or layers. If the system does not account for these changes, it can lead to poor growth, delayed maturity, and lower reproductive success.

Impact on Behavior and Welfare

Lighting affects more than just productivity—it influences behavior and welfare too. Poorly designed systems can cause stress-related behavior like cannibalism, feather pecking, and aggression. A well-designed lighting environment supports natural behaviors such as foraging and roosting, helping maintain a healthy flock. Good welfare also aligns with ethical standards and can improve the quality and safety of products like eggs.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Lighting is a major contributor to energy costs in poultry production. Energy-efficient solutions, such as LED lighting, can reduce these costs while providing the necessary conditions for birds. Poultry specific lighting systems also last longer, reducing maintenance needs. Sustainability is increasingly important, and reducing energy consumption through efficient lighting supports environmental goals and enhances the farm’s overall sustainability.

Monitoring and Adjustment Capabilities

Poultry needs change based on age, health, and environment. A lighting system with monitoring and adjustment capabilities allows producers to respond to these in real time, ensuring optimal conditions. Monitoring behavior and performance provides data that can be used to fine-tune the lighting settings, leading to better long-term outcomes.

This article has been written bij Pieter Hanssen, from Hato Agricultural Lighting